Solana Vulnerability Scanner

Trail of BitsOfficialPublished by Trail of Bits

Skill
Review and audit
Security
CC-BY-SA-4.0
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From the author

Scans Solana programs for 6 critical vulnerabilities including arbitrary CPI, improper PDA validation, missing signer/ownership checks, and sysvar spoofing. Use when auditing Solana/Anchor programs.

— the description by Trail of Bits

AutoGineer summary

Written by AutoGineer from the skill’s own files, not by the author

The Solana Vulnerability Scanner provides a structured framework for auditing Solana smart contracts. It focuses on six critical security patterns, including cross-program invocation (CPI) security, PDA validation, ownership checks, signer verification, sysvar integrity, and instruction introspection. The skill mandates a comprehensive reporting format that requires a coverage table for all six patterns, ensuring that every aspect of the program's security posture is explicitly evaluated, documented, and verified.

What it does

Scans native Rust and Anchor-based Solana programs for 6 critical security vulnerabilities.
Enforces a mandatory coverage table to ensure all security patterns are addressed.
Provides specific remediation strategies and code examples for identified vulnerabilities.
Guides users through a multi-step audit workflow covering CPI, PDA, and account validation.
Integrates with standard Solana testing practices and linting tools.
Requires explicit justification for any pattern marked as not applicable.

When to use it

During the pre-launch security assessment of a Solana protocol.
When reviewing cross-program invocation logic for potential security flaws.
When validating program-derived address (PDA) implementations.
During routine audits of Solana or Anchor program codebases.
When verifying that account validation patterns are correctly implemented.

Advantages

Prevents incomplete audits by requiring a full coverage table for all 6 patterns.
Standardizes the reporting of security findings across different projects.
Provides actionable, code-level recommendations for fixing identified issues.
Reduces human error by enforcing a structured, step-by-step auditing workflow.
Differentiates between 'clear' code and 'n/a' scenarios to ensure thoroughness.

Usage examples

“Audit my Solana program for security vulnerabilities.”: The agent will scan the codebase, generate a 6-row coverage table, and provide detailed findings or 'clear' status for each of the 6 critical vulnerability patterns.
“Check my Anchor program's PDA implementation for security issues.”: The agent will review the PDA derivation logic, verify the use of canonical bumps, and report whether the implementation is secure or requires remediation.

Install

Download the skill as a ZIP:
https://autogineer.com/agent-skills/trailofbits/solana-vulnerability-scanner/download

Unzip it into the cross-client skills folder of your project:

mkdir -p .agents/skills && unzip solana-vulnerability-scanner.zip -d .agents/skills

Documentation by Trail of Bits

Solana Vulnerability Scanner

1. Purpose

Systematically scan Solana programs (native and Anchor framework) for platform-specific security vulnerabilities related to cross-program invocations, account validation, and program-derived addresses. This skill encodes 6 critical vulnerability patterns unique to Solana's account model.

2. When to Use This Skill

Auditing Solana programs (native Rust or Anchor)
Reviewing cross-program invocation (CPI) logic
Validating program-derived address (PDA) implementations
Pre-launch security assessment of Solana protocols
Reviewing account validation patterns
Assessing instruction introspection logic

3. Platform Detection

File Extensions & Indicators

Rust files: .rs

Language/Framework Markers

// Native Solana program indicators
use solana_program::{
    account_info::AccountInfo,
    entrypoint,
    entrypoint::ProgramResult,
    pubkey::Pubkey,
    program::invoke,
    program::invoke_signed,
};

entrypoint!(process_instruction);

// Anchor framework indicators
use anchor_lang::prelude::*;

#[program]
pub mod my_program {
    pub fn initialize(ctx: Context<Initialize>) -> Result<()> {
        // Program logic
    }
}

#[derive(Accounts)]
pub struct Initialize<'info> {
    #[account(mut)]
    pub authority: Signer<'info>,
}

// Common patterns
AccountInfo, Pubkey
invoke(), invoke_signed()
Signer<'info>, Account<'info>
#[account(...)] with constraints
seeds, bump

Project Structure

programs/*/src/lib.rs - Program implementation
Anchor.toml - Anchor configuration
Cargo.toml with solana-program or anchor-lang
tests/ - Program tests

Tool Support

Trail of Bits Solana Lints: Rust linters for Solana
Installation: Add to Cargo.toml
anchor test: Built-in testing framework
Solana Test Validator: Local testing environment

4. How This Skill Works

When invoked, I will:

Search your codebase for Solana/Anchor programs
Analyze each program for the 6 vulnerability patterns
Report findings with file references and severity, above them a coverage table carrying a verdict for every pattern
Provide fixes for each identified issue
Check account validation and CPI security

5. Example Output

6. Vulnerability Patterns (6 Patterns)

I check for 6 critical vulnerability patterns unique to Solana. For detailed detection patterns, code examples, mitigations, and testing strategies, see VULNERABILITY_PATTERNS.md.

Pattern Summary:

Arbitrary CPI ⚠️ CRITICAL - User-controlled program IDs in CPI calls
Improper PDA Validation ⚠️ CRITICAL - Using create_program_address without canonical bump
Missing Ownership Check ⚠️ HIGH - Deserializing accounts without owner validation
Missing Signer Check ⚠️ CRITICAL - Authority operations without is_signer check
Sysvar Account Check ⚠️ HIGH - Spoofed sysvar accounts (pre-Solana 1.8.1)
Improper Instruction Introspection ⚠️ MEDIUM - Absolute indexes allowing reuse

For complete vulnerability patterns with code examples, see VULNERABILITY_PATTERNS.md.

7. Scanning Workflow

Step 1: Platform Identification

Verify Solana program (native or Anchor)
Check Solana version (1.8.1+ for sysvar security)
Locate program source (programs/*/src/lib.rs)
Identify framework (native vs Anchor)

Step 2: CPI Security Review

# Find all CPI calls
rg "invoke\(|invoke_signed\(" programs/

# Check for program ID validation before each
# Should see program ID checks immediately before invoke

For each CPI:

[ ] Program ID validated before invocation
[ ] Cannot pass user-controlled program accounts
[ ] Anchor: Uses Program<'info, T> type

Step 3: PDA Validation Check

# Find PDA usage
rg "find_program_address|create_program_address" programs/
rg "seeds.*bump" programs/

# Anchor: Check for seeds constraints
rg "#\[account.*seeds" programs/

For each PDA:

[ ] Uses find_program_address() or Anchor seeds constraint
[ ] Bump seed stored and reused
[ ] Not using user-provided bump

Step 4: Account Validation Sweep

# Find account deserialization
rg "try_from_slice|try_deserialize" programs/

# Should see owner checks before deserialization
rg "\.owner\s*==|\.owner\s*!=" programs/

For each account used:

[ ] Owner validated before deserialization
[ ] Signer check for authority accounts
[ ] Anchor: Uses Account<'info, T> and Signer<'info>

Step 5: Instruction Introspection Review

# Find instruction introspection usage
rg "load_instruction_at|load_current_index|get_instruction_relative" programs/

# Check for checked versions
rg "load_instruction_at_checked|load_current_index_checked" programs/

[ ] Using checked functions (Solana 1.8.1+)
[ ] Using relative indexing
[ ] Proper correlation validation

Step 6: Trail of Bits Solana Lints

# Add to Cargo.toml
[dependencies]
solana-program = "1.17"  # Use latest version

[lints.clippy]
# Enable Solana-specific lints
# (Trail of Bits solana-lints if available)

8. Reporting Format

Coverage Table

Report on every pattern in §6, whether or not it turned anything up. Emit this table above the findings, with all 6 rows present:

#	Pattern	Verdict	Evidence
1	Arbitrary CPI	`n/a`	this program makes no cross-program invocations
2	Improper PDA Validation
3	Missing Ownership Check
4	Missing Signer Check
5	Sysvar Account Check
6	Improper Instruction Introspection

Each verdict is one of:

found — cite file:line and write the finding up in full below.
clear — the pattern applies to this program and the program handles it. Name the constraint, account type, or check you searched for, so a reader can repeat the search.
n/a — the pattern cannot apply here. Give the reason in one clause ("this program makes no CPI calls"). Not having looked is not n/a. Pattern 5 is version-scoped (pre-Solana 1.8.1): cite the solana-program version the program targets rather than dropping the row, since "targets 1.17, fixed upstream" and "did not look" are otherwise the same answer.

A table with fewer than 6 rows is an incomplete scan and must be reported as one. A row whose Verdict cell is empty is incomplete in the same way: row 1 above is filled in to show the shape, and every row is filled in the same way before the report is done. Six clear verdicts is a result a reader can act on. A report that covers two patterns and says nothing about the other four reads exactly like a clean program, and that is the failure this table exists to prevent.

Finding Template

## [CRITICAL] Arbitrary CPI - Unchecked Program ID

**Location**: `programs/vault/src/lib.rs:145-160` (withdraw function)

**Description**:
The `withdraw` function performs a CPI to transfer SPL tokens without validating that the provided `token_program` account is actually the SPL Token program. An attacker can provide a malicious program that appears to perform a transfer but actually steals tokens or performs unauthorized actions.

**Vulnerable Code**:
```rust
// lib.rs, line 145
pub fn withdraw(ctx: Context<Withdraw>, amount: u64) -> Result<()> {
    let token_program = &ctx.accounts.token_program;

    // WRONG: No validation of token_program.key()!
    invoke(
        &spl_token::instruction::transfer(...),
        &[
            ctx.accounts.vault.to_account_info(),
            ctx.accounts.destination.to_account_info(),
            ctx.accounts.authority.to_account_info(),
            token_program.to_account_info(),  // UNVALIDATED
        ],
    )?;
    Ok(())
}
```

**Attack Scenario**:
1. Attacker deploys malicious "token program" that logs transfer instruction but doesn't execute it
2. Attacker calls withdraw() providing malicious program as token_program
3. Vault's authority signs the transaction
4. Malicious program receives CPI with vault's signature
5. Malicious program can now impersonate vault and drain real tokens

**Recommendation**:
Use Anchor's `Program<'info, Token>` type:
```rust
use anchor_spl::token::{Token, Transfer};

#[derive(Accounts)]
pub struct Withdraw<'info> {
    #[account(mut)]
    pub vault: Account<'info, TokenAccount>,
    #[account(mut)]
    pub destination: Account<'info, TokenAccount>,
    pub authority: Signer<'info>,
    pub token_program: Program<'info, Token>,  // Validates program ID automatically
}

pub fn withdraw(ctx: Context<Withdraw>, amount: u64) -> Result<()> {
    let cpi_accounts = Transfer {
        from: ctx.accounts.vault.to_account_info(),
        to: ctx.accounts.destination.to_account_info(),
        authority: ctx.accounts.authority.to_account_info(),
    };

    let cpi_ctx = CpiContext::new(
        ctx.accounts.token_program.to_account_info(),
        cpi_accounts,
    );

    anchor_spl::token::transfer(cpi_ctx, amount)?;
    Ok(())
}
```

**References**:
- building-secure-contracts/not-so-smart-contracts/solana/arbitrary_cpi
- Trail of Bits lint: `unchecked-cpi-program-id`

9. Priority Guidelines

Critical (Immediate Fix Required)

Arbitrary CPI (attacker-controlled program execution)
Improper PDA validation (account spoofing)
Missing signer check (unauthorized access)

High (Fix Before Launch)

Missing ownership check (fake account data)
Sysvar account check (authentication bypass, pre-1.8.1)

Medium (Address in Audit)

Improper instruction introspection (logic bypass)

10. Testing Recommendations

Unit Tests

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::*;

    #[test]
    #[should_panic]
    fn test_rejects_wrong_program_id() {
        // Provide wrong program ID, should fail
    }

    #[test]
    #[should_panic]
    fn test_rejects_non_canonical_pda() {
        // Provide non-canonical bump, should fail
    }

    #[test]
    #[should_panic]
    fn test_requires_signer() {
        // Call without signature, should fail
    }
}

Integration Tests (Anchor)

import * as anchor from "@coral-xyz/anchor";

describe("security tests", () => {
  it("rejects arbitrary CPI", async () => {
    const fakeTokenProgram = anchor.web3.Keypair.generate();

    try {
      await program.methods
        .withdraw(amount)
        .accounts({
          tokenProgram: fakeTokenProgram.publicKey, // Wrong program
        })
        .rpc();

      assert.fail("Should have rejected fake program");
    } catch (err) {
      // Expected to fail
    }
  });
});

Solana Test Validator

# Run local validator for testing
solana-test-validator

# Deploy and test program
anchor test

11. Additional Resources

Building Secure Contracts: building-secure-contracts/not-so-smart-contracts/solana/
Trail of Bits Solana Lints: https://github.com/trailofbits/solana-lints
Anchor Documentation: https://www.anchor-lang.com/
Solana Program Library: https://github.com/solana-labs/solana-program-library
Solana Cookbook: https://solanacookbook.com/

12. Quick Reference Checklist

Before completing Solana program audit:

CPI Security (CRITICAL):

[ ] ALL CPI calls validate program ID before invoke()
[ ] Cannot use user-provided program accounts
[ ] Anchor: Uses Program<'info, T> type

PDA Security (CRITICAL):

[ ] PDAs use find_program_address() or Anchor seeds constraint
[ ] Bump seed stored and reused (not user-provided)
[ ] PDA accounts validated against canonical address

Account Validation (HIGH):

[ ] ALL accounts check owner before deserialization
[ ] Native: Validates account.owner == expected_program_id
[ ] Anchor: Uses Account<'info, T> type

Signer Validation (CRITICAL):

[ ] ALL authority accounts check is_signer
[ ] Native: Validates account.is_signer == true
[ ] Anchor: Uses Signer<'info> type

Sysvar Security (HIGH):

[ ] Using Solana 1.8.1+
[ ] Using checked functions: load_instruction_at_checked()
[ ] Sysvar addresses validated

Instruction Introspection (MEDIUM):

[ ] Using relative indexes for correlation
[ ] Proper validation between related instructions
[ ] Cannot reuse same instruction across multiple calls

Testing:

[ ] Unit tests cover all account validation
[ ] Integration tests with malicious inputs
[ ] Local validator testing completed
[ ] Trail of Bits lints enabled and passing
[ ] Coverage table emitted with all 6 rows, each carrying a verdict of found, clear or n/a with a reason

13. Rationalizations to Reject

"The program is small, so most patterns obviously don't apply." Obvious to whom? An n/a costs one clause and makes the judgment reviewable. Silence records nothing, and a reader cannot tell it apart from not having checked.
"The Trail of Bits lints pass, so the program is clean." The lints cover a subset of these 6 patterns. A clean lint run is one row of evidence, not a verdict on the patterns it never examined. Say which patterns it covered.
"I checked the patterns that matter for this program." Deciding which patterns matter is the scan, not a precondition for starting it. Rank by severity after the table is complete, not by leaving rows out.
"No findings, so there is nothing to report." A zero-finding scan still emits the full coverage table. That table is the deliverable: it is what distinguishes a program that was examined from one that was glanced at.
"Anchor handles account validation." Name the constraint. Anchor validates what the account struct declares and nothing more: #[account(mut)] is not an ownership check, and UncheckedAccount opts out entirely. Cite the attribute, not the framework.
"The PDA derivation makes it safe." Derivation is not validation. create_program_address without the canonical bump admits multiple valid addresses, which is pattern 2 in full.

Files

ATTRIBUTION.mdAdded by AutoGineer975 B
LICENSELicence file added by AutoGineer19.7 KiB
SKILL.md14.1 KiB
agents/openai.yaml258 B
assets/trail-of-bits-mark.svg3.0 KiB
resources/VULNERABILITY_PATTERNS.md19.9 KiB

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Requirements and compatibility

Works with: Claude Code, Claude apps, OpenAI Codex, GitHub Copilot, Cursor, Gemini CLI, Kiro, OpenCode, Goose, Amp, Roo Code, JetBrains Junie, Factory Droid, Devin (ex-Windsurf), Mistral Vibe, OpenHands, Letta

“Works with” means the tool reads the open Agent Skills format; a skill written for one tool may use features others lack.

Security

No issues found by our static scan· No issues found

A static scan is not a guarantee. Skills are third-party content: review a skill before you let an agent use it.

Attribution and licence

Published by

Trail of Bits

Publisher

Trail of Bits (Official)

Source

trailofbits/skills · plugins/building-secure-contracts/skills/solana-vulnerability-scanner · commit e4dd0bb

Licence

Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (redistribution allowed)

LICENSE (added by AutoGineer from LICENSE)
ATTRIBUTION.md (written by AutoGineer)

Synced

2026-11-09

AutoGineer is not affiliated with or endorsed by Trail of Bits or Trail of Bits.

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The ZIP holds the skill’s files, its licence files and an ATTRIBUTION.md. Download solana-vulnerability-scanner.zip

From the author

AutoGineer summary

What it does

When to use it

Advantages

Usage examples

Install

Documentation by Trail of Bits

Solana Vulnerability Scanner

1. Purpose

2. When to Use This Skill

3. Platform Detection

File Extensions & Indicators

Language/Framework Markers

Project Structure

Tool Support

4. How This Skill Works

5. Example Output

6. Vulnerability Patterns (6 Patterns)

Pattern Summary:

7. Scanning Workflow

Step 1: Platform Identification

Step 2: CPI Security Review

Step 3: PDA Validation Check

Step 4: Account Validation Sweep

Step 5: Instruction Introspection Review

Step 6: Trail of Bits Solana Lints

8. Reporting Format

Coverage Table

Finding Template

9. Priority Guidelines

Critical (Immediate Fix Required)

High (Fix Before Launch)

Medium (Address in Audit)

10. Testing Recommendations

Unit Tests

Integration Tests (Anchor)

Solana Test Validator

11. Additional Resources

12. Quick Reference Checklist

13. Rationalizations to Reject

Files

LICENSE

Requirements and compatibility

Security

Attribution and licence

Related skills

Security Audit

Sast Configuration

Firmware Analyst

Policy Enforcer

Backend Development Security Auditor

Memory Forensics

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