Semgrep Rule Variant Creator

Trail of BitsOfficialPublished by Trail of Bits

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Workflow
Security
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From the author

Creates language variants of existing Semgrep rules. Use when porting a Semgrep rule to specified target languages. Takes an existing rule and target languages as input, produces independent rule+test directories for each language.

— the description by Trail of Bits

AutoGineer summary

Written by AutoGineer from the skill’s own files, not by the author

This skill provides a systematic workflow for porting existing Semgrep rules to different programming languages. It enforces a four-phase process for each target language: applicability analysis, test creation, rule translation, and validation. By requiring that tests are written before the rule and that each language variant is validated independently, it ensures that ported rules are tailored to the specific idioms and AST structures of the target language rather than relying on direct syntax translation.

What it does

Analyzes whether a vulnerability pattern is applicable to a target language.
Generates idiomatic test cases including both vulnerable and safe code examples.
Translates Semgrep rules by analyzing target language ASTs.
Validates ported rules against test cases using Semgrep.
Provides a structured workflow for managing multi-language rule ports.
Supports resuming interrupted porting sessions.

When to use it

When you need to extend an existing security rule to cover additional programming languages.
When you want to ensure that a ported rule is tested against language-specific idioms.
When you need to verify if a vulnerability class is relevant in a new target language.
When you are managing a large-scale rule porting project across multiple languages.

Advantages

Enforces a test-first approach to rule development.
Reduces errors by handling each language variant in an isolated, repeatable cycle.
Prevents invalid ports by requiring an applicability analysis phase.
Ensures rule accuracy by requiring validation against specific test cases.

Usage examples

“Port the existing command injection rule to Go and Java.”: The agent initiates the workflow, performing applicability analysis, creating test files, translating the rule, and validating the results for both languages.
“Resume the interrupted porting run for the SQL injection rule.”: The agent resumes the workflow from the last successful state, replaying completed language variants from cache and continuing with the remaining tasks.

Install

Download the skill as a ZIP:
https://autogineer.com/agent-skills/trailofbits/semgrep-rule-variant-creator/download

Unzip it into the cross-client skills folder of your project:

mkdir -p .agents/skills && unzip semgrep-rule-variant-creator.zip -d .agents/skills

Documentation by Trail of Bits

Semgrep Rule Variant Creator

Port an existing Semgrep rule to other languages, one independent test-driven cycle per language.

For a new rule rather than a port, use semgrep-rule-creator — it takes a bug pattern description where this skill takes a finished rule. That skill is also the reference for rule-writing fundamentals: taint mode versus pattern matching, why tests come first, and how to narrow a rule once it passes. Porting applies those same judgments in a new language, so start there when the rule structure itself is the open question.

Run it as a workflow

Porting is the same four phases repeated per language, so the orchestration ships as a dynamic workflow rather than as instructions to re-follow each run:

/semgrep-rule-variant-creator:port-rule-to-languages

Pass the three required arguments, and outputDir unless the working directory is where you want the variants. One language per entry: "Go and Java" ports a single language named after the phrase, and the script rejects it.

referencesDir has to be a resolved absolute path. Resolve it here, because no workflow script can expand a variable. Try in order, first hit wins — the -d is the point, since a bare ls prints the names of the files inside the directory rather than the directory itself and leaves nothing to copy:

Claude Code — ls -d -- "${CLAUDE_PLUGIN_ROOT}/skills/semgrep-rule-variant-creator/references"
Codex — the same command with ${CODEX_PLUGIN_ROOT}, if that variable is set instead
Neither set — resolve {baseDir}/references from the directory containing this loaded SKILL.md and print its absolute path with ls -d -- "<resolved path>". Do not search caches or the target project for another copy.

Then confirm the directory that printed holds both reference files, with ls -1 -- "<that path>".

Pass the path exactly as printed. If all three come back empty, stop and say so rather than assembling a path by hand: the script rejects a relative path and an unexpanded token, but a hand-built absolute path that happens not to exist clears every guard it has, and the run then reports every language as passed having read no guidance at all.

{
  "rulePath": "<path to the rule being ported>",
  "languages": ["Go", "Java"],
  "referencesDir": "<the absolute path the ls above printed>",
  "outputDir": "<where the variant directories should land>"
}

A workflow script cannot expand {baseDir} or ${CLAUDE_PLUGIN_ROOT}, and has no filesystem access to notice that it did not; an installed plugin does not sit in the user's project either, so referencesDir is the only route by which the references below reach the phase agents. The script rejects a run that omits it and one that passes a token instead of a path, rather than porting without them, since a port made without this guidance still reports every language as passed. outputDir is the one optional argument, defaulting to the working directory, which is rarely what you want inside a repository.

It reads the rule once, then runs each language through the full cycle independently, and reports which languages passed, which failed validation, which it judged not applicable, which Semgrep cannot analyze at all, and which it stopped on — a language key it does not recognize, two entries resolving to one directory, or a refuter that never reported back. A stop names what to change and will happen again on a re-run, which is what separates it from an agent that died. The rule travels as a path, not as text: every phase reads the file, because an agent asked to repeat a rule back verbatim does not — one HTML-escaped < and > and broke the <... ...> operator for every phase downstream.

If a run is interrupted while the session is still alive — you stopped it, or an agent hit a terminal error — relaunch it with Workflow({scriptPath: "…", resumeFromRunId: "<runId>", args: {…}}), passing the same arguments again. Arguments are not saved with a run, so a resume that omits them fails the pre-flight check above before replaying anything; with them, languages that finished replay from cache and only the unfinished ones re-run.

Resume is same-session only, which rules it out for the interruption a long port is most likely to hit: a session limit ends the session, and runs are stored under that session's own directory, so the next session cannot reach them. A run id it cannot resolve is not an error either — the workflow starts from scratch under that id and re-runs every language at full cost, with nothing saying so. Check the id is still there before counting on a resume:

ls -d ~/.claude/projects/*/*/subagents/workflows/*/

That is where runs land today rather than a documented interface, so an empty result may mean the layout moved rather than that the run is gone. The safe reading is the same either way: if you cannot confirm the id, or the session ended, re-invoke with the same arguments and point outputDir somewhere fresh. The script never deletes a directory, so a language that flipped to NOT_APPLICABLE on the second run leaves the first run's variant behind.

The script is workflows/port-rule-to-languages.js at the plugin root. It pins a reasoning effort per phase — cheap to read the rule, highest for translation and for the fix-until-green loop — and encodes the phase order, so a rule cannot be written before the tests that specify it. It also keeps the two decisions that have no oracle out of any single agent's hands: a NOT_APPLICABLE verdict goes to an independent refuter before the language is dropped, and failed validation is retried up to three times rather than trusting one agent to iterate until green.

Run the phases by hand when you are porting to a single language and want to stay in the loop, or when a port is already half-finished and you only need one phase. The workflow is the only delegation a port needs: one agent to read the rule, and four per language when the port goes green first try — a refuted verdict adds one, and so does each validation retry. Nothing else here is large or independent enough to be worth its own agent, so running a phase by hand means doing it yourself rather than handing it to a subagent.

The four phases

Each language runs all four before its variant is finished. A language that fails validation is unfinished; a language judged not applicable produces no directory.

1. Applicability analysis — decide whether the pattern belongs in the target language at all: does the vulnerability class exist there, does an equivalent construct exist for each source, sink, and sanitizer, and would the ported rule detect real risk rather than a surface syntax match. Verdict is APPLICABLE, APPLICABLE_WITH_ADAPTATION, or NOT_APPLICABLE. NOT_APPLICABLE is the one verdict nothing downstream can contradict — it produces no tests, no rule, and no directory — so it earns a second opinion before you act on it. Answered separately, by running Semgrep: can Semgrep read this language at all? Perl has no frontend and Elixir's parser is Pro-only, and in both cases the bug class is present while the rule is ungradeable — a different finding from NOT_APPLICABLE, which claims the bug class is absent. See applicability-analysis.md for worked examples of each verdict.

2. Test creation — write the test file first, in idiomatic target-language code. At least two ruleid: cases and two ok: cases, each annotation on the line immediately above the code it grades. Include the safe form that is the language's own idiom for doing the thing correctly, since that is the false positive a port most often invents.

3. Rule translation — dump the AST for the target language and translate against what it shows, because pattern shape follows AST shape rather than source resemblance. Keep the original's detection intent and mode; change the id to <original-id>-<language>, the languages key, and add original-rule and ported-from metadata. See language-syntax-guide.md.

4. Validation — semgrep --test is the acceptance criterion, and it must report that all tests passed. Missed lines mean the pattern is narrower than the vulnerability; incorrect lines mean it is broader. The test file is the specification, so fix the rule to satisfy it. Stopping while tests still fail leaves the language unfinished, not done. See workflow.md for reading a test failure and for troubleshooting when a pattern will not match or taint will not propagate.

The acceptance criterion is one specific Semgrep: the version recorded when the rule was read. Switching binaries to get a green is the failure this guards against — an agent that could not pass its Elixir tests installed the last OSS build shipping the Elixir parser and reported its genuine "All tests passed" for a port that is red here. Two other greens mean nothing: a rule Semgrep skipped still ends its run in "All tests passed", and so does a test file whose extension Semgrep does not associate with the rule's language, since it graded zero tests either way.

Output

One directory per applicable language, holding the ported rule and its test file:

python-command-injection-go/
├── python-command-injection-go.yaml
└── python-command-injection-go.go

All tests passed means the rule and its test file agree with each other; it is not evidence that the vulnerability class is exploitable in the target language, since the same cycle wrote both, so treat a finished variant as a candidate for review rather than a validated rule.

Scope and reporting

Port the rule you were handed to the languages you were asked for. Do not repair the original, widen it to catch a nearby bug class, or add a language nobody named; if the original looks wrong or an obvious target is missing, say so in one sentence and carry on with the port as asked. Every language you were given gets finished — a port is done when its tests pass, not when its files exist.

Keep prose short and spend it on the result. Before the first tool call, say in one sentence what you are about to do. While a port runs, speak up when a verdict changes, when the target needs a pattern shape the original does not have, or when the tests will not go green — not on every semgrep --test iteration. Then lead with the outcome: the first sentence says which languages passed, which failed validation, which were not applicable, and which Semgrep cannot analyze, with the detail after it. Correct an earlier statement when the error changes the rule, the verdict, or what to do next, then keep going; a slip that changes nothing needs no note.

Rule and test files are the size of the problem. A test file earns its length from distinct constructs and distinct safe forms rather than from restatements of the same case, and neither file needs comments repeating what the code already says.

Rationalizations to Reject

Rationalization	Why It Fails	Correct Approach
"Pattern structure is identical"	Different ASTs across languages	Always dump AST for target language
"Same vulnerability, same detection"	Data flow differs between languages	Analyze target language idioms
"Rule doesn't need tests since original worked"	Language edge cases differ	Write NEW test cases for target
"Skip applicability - it obviously applies"	Some patterns are language-specific	Complete applicability analysis first
"I'll create all variants then test"	Errors compound, hard to debug	Finish each language before the next
"Library equivalent is close enough"	Surface similarity hides differences	Verify API semantics match
"Just translate the syntax 1:1"	Languages have different idioms	Research target language patterns
"Most tests pass"	A partial rule reports partial truth	`All tests passed`, or the port is unfinished
"An older semgrep still parses this language"	A green nobody can reproduce on the semgrep the rule must run under	Report the failing output and say the parser is Pro-only
"The class exists there, so the rule ports"	Semgrep has no Perl frontend and Elixir's is Pro-only; taint no-ops silently	Confirm semgrep can read the language before porting
"Semgrep said all tests passed"	It says that over zero graded tests, for a rule it skipped or a file it never matched	Check the rule ran and the test file's extension matches

Quick Reference

Task	Command
Run tests	`semgrep --test --config rule.yaml test-file`
Validate YAML	`semgrep --validate --config rule.yaml`
Dump AST	`semgrep --dump-ast -l <lang> <file>`
Debug taint flow	`semgrep --dataflow-traces -f rule.yaml file`

Documentation

Pattern Syntax — metavariables and matching
Pattern Examples — per-language references, the most useful page when translating
Testing Rules — annotation semantics
Trail of Bits Testing Handbook — advanced taint patterns

Files

ATTRIBUTION.mdAdded by AutoGineer978 B
LICENSELicence file added by AutoGineer19.7 KiB
SKILL.md13.5 KiB
agents/openai.yaml254 B
assets/trail-of-bits-mark.svg3.0 KiB
references/applicability-analysis.md10.0 KiB
references/language-syntax-guide.md7.3 KiB
references/workflow.md3.9 KiB

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Requirements and compatibility

Works with: Claude Code, Claude apps, OpenAI Codex, GitHub Copilot, Cursor, Gemini CLI, Kiro, OpenCode, Goose, Amp, Roo Code, JetBrains Junie, Factory Droid, Devin (ex-Windsurf), Mistral Vibe, OpenHands, Letta

“Works with” means the tool reads the open Agent Skills format; a skill written for one tool may use features others lack.

Needs: Declares allowed tools, Needs Python