Aflpp
Trail of BitsOfficialPublished by Trail of Bits
- Skill
- Tool integration
- Security
- CC-BY-SA-4.0
- Low risk
AutoGineer summary
Written by AutoGineer from the skill’s own files, not by the author
AFL++ is a fuzzer for C and C++ codebases that supports multi-core execution, persistent mode, and various instrumentation modes. This skill provides instructions for configuring the environment, compiling targets with afl-clang-fast or afl-gcc-fast, managing seed corpora, and triaging crashes. It covers the setup of wrapper scripts for Docker or host-based execution and details how to interpret fuzzer statistics and manage parallel fuzzing campaigns.
What it does
- Configures AFL++ for multi-core fuzzing campaigns
- Provides compilation steps for C/C++ projects using specialized compilers
- Explains how to manage and minimize seed corpora
- Details the setup of persistent mode for increased execution throughput
- Offers guidance on crash triage and coverage analysis
- Includes instructions for integrating sanitizers like ASan and UBSan
When to use it
- When scaling fuzzing efforts across multiple CPU cores
- When fuzzing mature C/C++ codebases
- When libFuzzer is no longer providing sufficient coverage
- When you need to perform crash triage on discovered inputs
Advantages
- Supports parallel execution across multiple cores
- Compatible with diverse mutation strategies
- Provides mature tooling for corpus management and crash analysis
- Offers flexible instrumentation modes for different project requirements
Usage examples
- “How do I start a primary fuzzer instance for a multi-core campaign?”
- The skill provides a command to run afl-fuzz with the -M flag to designate a primary instance, including necessary backgrounding and output redirection.
- “How can I compile my C++ project for use with AFL++?”
- The skill outlines using afl-clang-fast++ with specific flags like -DNO_MAIN=1 and -fsanitize=fuzzer to prepare the target for fuzzing.
Install
Download the skill as a ZIP:
https://autogineer.com/agent-skills/trailofbits/aflpp/downloadUnzip it into the cross-client skills folder of your project:
mkdir -p .agents/skills && unzip aflpp.zip -d .agents/skills
Documentation by Trail of Bits
AFL++
AFL++ is a fork of the original AFL fuzzer that offers better fuzzing performance and more advanced features while maintaining stability. A major benefit over libFuzzer is that AFL++ has stable support for running fuzzing campaigns on multiple cores, making it ideal for large-scale fuzzing efforts.
When to Use
| Fuzzer | Best For | Complexity |
|---|---|---|
| AFL++ | Multi-core fuzzing, diverse mutations, mature projects | Medium |
| libFuzzer | Quick setup, single-threaded, simple harnesses | Low |
| LibAFL | Custom fuzzers, research, advanced use cases | High |
Choose AFL++ when:
You need multi-core fuzzing to maximize throughput
Your project can be compiled with Clang or GCC
You want diverse mutation strategies and mature tooling
libFuzzer has plateaued and you need more coverage
You're fuzzing production codebases that benefit from parallel execution
Quick Start
extern "C" int LLVMFuzzerTestOneInput(const uint8_t *data, size_t size) {
// Call your code with fuzzer-provided data
check_buf((char*)data, size);
return 0;
}Compile and run:
# Setup AFL++ wrapper script first (see Installation)
./afl++ docker afl-clang-fast++ -DNO_MAIN=1 -O2 -fsanitize=fuzzer harness.cc main.cc -o fuzz
mkdir seeds && echo "aaaa" > seeds/minimal_seed
./afl++ docker afl-fuzz -i seeds -o out -- ./fuzzInstallation
AFL++ has many dependencies including LLVM, Python, and Rust. We recommend using a current Debian or Ubuntu distribution for fuzzing with AFL++.
| Method | When to Use | Supported Compilers |
|---|---|---|
| Ubuntu/Debian repos | Recent Ubuntu, basic features only | Ubuntu 23.10: Clang 14 & GCC 13<br>Debian 12: Clang 14 & GCC 12 |
| Docker (from Docker Hub) | Specific AFL++ version, Apple Silicon support | As of 4.35c: Clang 19 & GCC 11 |
| Docker (from source) | Test unreleased features, apply patches | Configurable in Dockerfile |
| From source | Avoid Docker, need specific patches | Adjustable via LLVM_CONFIG env var |
Ubuntu/Debian
Prior to installing afl++, check the clang version dependency of the packge with apt-cache show afl++, and install the matching lld version (e.g., lld-17).
apt install afl++ lld-17Docker (from Docker Hub)
docker pull aflplusplus/aflplusplus:stableDocker (from source)
git clone --depth 1 --branch stable https://github.com/AFLplusplus/AFLplusplus
cd AFLplusplus
docker build -t aflplusplus .From source
Refer to the Dockerfile for Ubuntu version requirements and dependencies. Set LLVM_CONFIG to specify Clang version (e.g., llvm-config-18).
Wrapper Script Setup
Create a wrapper script to run AFL++ on host or Docker:
cat <<'EOF' > ./afl++
#!/bin/sh
AFL_VERSION="${AFL_VERSION:-"stable"}"
case "$1" in
host)
shift
bash -c "$*"
;;
docker)
shift
/usr/bin/env docker run -i \
--privileged \
-v ./:/src \
--rm \
--name "afl_fuzzing_$$" \
"aflplusplus/aflplusplus:$AFL_VERSION" \
bash -c "cd /src && bash -c \"$*\""
;;
*)
echo "Usage: $0 {host|docker}"
exit 1
;;
esac
EOF
chmod +x ./afl++The examples below use docker mode, apart from the system configuration commands that have to reach the host kernel. Swap in host to run any of them against an AFL++ installed on the machine itself. The wrapper joins everything after the mode argument into a single shell string, so quoting does not survive: an argument containing a space (-x "my dict.dict") arrives word-split. Rename such files without spaces, or edit the wrapper for that run.
The missing -t is deliberate. docker run -ti aborts with the input device is not a TTY whenever stdin is not a terminal, which covers CI jobs and anything an agent or script drives. afl-fuzz notices there is no terminal and prints plain status lines in place of the full-screen UI. A program that insists on a terminal, such as watch, has to run on the host side of the wrapper instead. $$ expands to the wrapper's PID, so parallel instances get distinct container names rather than colliding on a single afl_fuzzing. docker ps truncates the COMMAND column, so every row looks alike; use docker ps --no-trunc to tell the instances apart before stopping one.
Security Warning: The afl-system-config and afl-persistent-config scripts require root privileges and disable OS security features. Do not fuzz on production systems or your development environment. Use a dedicated VM instead.
System Configuration
Run after each reboot for up to 15% more executions per second:
./afl++ host afl-system-configafl-system-config tunes the kernel it runs against, so run it on the machine that hosts the campaign. ./afl++ docker afl-system-config reaches the same settings through the wrapper's --privileged container, which is the only route when AFL++ is installed via Docker alone.
For maximum performance, disable kernel security mitigations (requires grub bootloader, not supported in Docker):
./afl++ host afl-persistent-config
update-grub
reboot
./afl++ host afl-system-configVerify with cat /proc/cmdline - output should include mitigations=off.
Writing a Harness
Harness Structure
AFL++ supports libFuzzer-style harnesses:
#include <stdint.h>
#include <stddef.h>
extern "C" int LLVMFuzzerTestOneInput(const uint8_t *data, size_t size) {
// 1. Validate input size if needed
if (size < MIN_SIZE || size > MAX_SIZE) return 0;
// 2. Call target function with fuzz data
target_function(data, size);
// 3. Return 0 (non-zero reserved for future use)
return 0;
}Harness Rules
| Do | Don't |
|---|---|
| Reset global state between runs | Rely on state from previous runs |
| Handle edge cases gracefully | Exit on invalid input |
| Keep harness deterministic | Use random number generators |
| Free allocated memory | Create memory leaks |
| Validate input sizes | Process unbounded input |
See Also: For detailed harness writing techniques, patterns for handling complex inputs, and advanced strategies, see the fuzz-harness-writing technique skill.
Compilation
AFL++ offers multiple compilation modes with different trade-offs.
Compilation Mode Decision Tree
Choose your compilation mode:
LTO mode (
afl-clang-lto): Best performance and instrumentation. Try this first.LLVM mode (
afl-clang-fast): Fall back if LTO fails to compile.GCC plugin (
afl-gcc-fast): For projects requiring GCC.
Basic Compilation (LLVM mode)
./afl++ docker afl-clang-fast++ -DNO_MAIN=1 -O2 -fsanitize=fuzzer harness.cc main.cc -o fuzzGCC Compilation
./afl++ docker afl-g++-fast -DNO_MAIN=1 -O2 -fsanitize=fuzzer harness.cc main.cc -o fuzzImportant: GCC version must match the version used to compile the AFL++ GCC plugin.
With Sanitizers
./afl++ docker AFL_USE_ASAN=1 afl-clang-fast++ -DNO_MAIN=1 -O2 -fsanitize=fuzzer harness.cc main.cc -o fuzzSee Also: For detailed sanitizer configuration, common issues, and advanced flags, see the address-sanitizer and undefined-behavior-sanitizer technique skills.
Build Flags
Note that -g is not necessary, it is added by default by the AFL++ compilers.
| Flag | Purpose |
|---|---|
-DNO_MAIN=1 | Skip main function when using libFuzzer harness |
-O2 | Production optimization level (recommended for fuzzing) |
-fsanitize=fuzzer | Enable libFuzzer compatibility mode and adds the fuzzer runtime when linking executable |
-fsanitize=fuzzer-no-link | Instrument without linking fuzzer runtime (for static libraries and object files) |
Corpus Management
Creating Initial Corpus
AFL++ requires at least one non-empty seed file:
mkdir seeds
echo "aaaa" > seeds/minimal_seedFor real projects, gather representative inputs:
Download example files for the format you're fuzzing
Extract test cases from the project's test suite
Use minimal valid inputs for your file format
Corpus Minimization
After a campaign, minimize the corpus to keep only unique coverage:
./afl++ docker afl-cmin -i out/default/queue -o minimized_corpus -- ./fuzzSee Also: For corpus creation strategies, dictionaries, and seed selection, see the fuzzing-corpus technique skill.
Running Campaigns
Basic Run
./afl++ docker afl-fuzz -i seeds -o out -- ./fuzzSetting Environment Variables
./afl++ docker AFL_FAST_CAL=1 afl-fuzz -i seeds -o out -- ./fuzzInterpreting Output
AFL++ reports these statistics either way, but how you read them depends on the
mode. The wrapper's docker run -i gives the container no TTY, so afl-fuzz
drops the full-screen UI and writes plain status lines to the log instead — the
fields below appear there, and in state/<instance>/fuzzer_stats. To get the
interactive UI, run host mode in a terminal, or add -t to the wrapper for a
run you are watching by hand.
| Output | Meaning |
|---|---|
| execs/sec | Execution speed - higher is better |
| cycles done | Number of queue passes completed |
| corpus count | Number of unique test cases in queue |
| saved crashes | Number of unique crashes found |
| stability | % of stable edges (should be near 100%) |
Output Directory Structure
out/default/
├── cmdline # How was the SUT invoked?
├── crashes/ # Inputs that crash the SUT
│ └── id:000000,sig:06,src:000002,time:286,execs:13105,op:havoc,rep:4
├── hangs/ # Inputs that hang the SUT
├── queue/ # Test cases reproducing final fuzzer state
│ ├── id:000000,time:0,execs:0,orig:minimal_seed
│ └── id:000001,src:000000,time:0,execs:8,op:havoc,rep:6,+cov
├── fuzzer_stats # Campaign statistics
└── plot_data # Data for plottingAnalyzing Results
View live campaign statistics:
./afl++ docker afl-whatsup outCreate coverage plots. The aflplusplus image already ships gnuplot-nox; in host mode, install gnuplot first with apt install gnuplot.
./afl++ docker afl-plot out/default out_graph/Re-executing Test Cases
Pass one of the filenames from out/default/crashes/:
./afl++ docker ./fuzz out/default/crashes/id:000000,sig:06,src:000002,time:286,execs:13105,op:havoc,rep:4Fuzzer Options
| Option | Purpose |
|---|---|
-G 4000 | Maximum test input length (default: 1048576 bytes) |
-t 1000 | Timeout in milliseconds for each test case (default: 1000ms) |
-m 1000 | Memory limit in megabytes (default: 0 = unlimited) |
-x ./dict.dict | Use dictionary file to guide mutations |
Environment Variables That Matter
AFL++ has many environment variables, but most are niche. These are the ones that matter in practice.
Always Set These
# Every campaign should use tmpfs — SSDs will thank you, and it's faster
AFL_TMPDIR=/dev/shmAFL_TMPDIR is a free performance win with no downsides — not setting it wears out your SSD and slows fuzzing.
Slow Targets
# Speeds up calibration ~2.5x — use when targets are slow (e.g., >10 ms/exec)
AFL_FAST_CAL=1AFL_FAST_CAL reduces calibration time with negligible precision loss. Recommended specifically for slow targets where calibration would otherwise take a long time.
Multi-Core Campaigns
# On the primary (-M) instance only — needed for afl-cmin, not for fuzzing itself
AFL_FINAL_SYNC=1
# On all instances — cache test cases in memory (default: 50 MB, good range: 50-250 MB)
AFL_TESTCACHE_SIZE=100AFL_FINAL_SYNC tells the primary instance to do a final import from all secondaries when stopping. This does not affect the fuzzing process itself — it only matters when you later run afl-cmin for corpus minimization, ensuring the primary's queue has the full combined corpus. AFL_TESTCACHE_SIZE caches test cases in memory to reduce disk I/O; the default is 50 MB and values between 50-250 MB work well for most campaigns.
CI/Automated Fuzzing
# Fail fast if fuzzing isn't finding anything
AFL_EXIT_ON_TIME=3600 # 1 hour with no new paths = stop
# Or run until "done" (all queue entries processed)
AFL_EXIT_WHEN_DONE=1
# Headless environments
AFL_NO_UI=1Unbounded fuzzing in CI wastes resources. Set time limits or use exit conditions.
Variables to Avoid
| Variable | Why Skip It |
|---|---|
AFL_NO_ARITH | Can hurt coverage on binary formats, but may be useful for text-based targets |
AFL_SHUFFLE_QUEUE | Only for exotic setups, usually harmful |
AFL_DISABLE_TRIM | Trimming is valuable, don't disable without reason |
Multi-Core Fuzzing
AFL++ excels at multi-core fuzzing with two major advantages:
More executions per second (scales linearly with physical cores)
Asymmetrical fuzzing (e.g., one ASan job, rest without sanitizers)
Starting a Campaign
Start the primary fuzzer (in background):
./afl++ docker afl-fuzz -M primary -i seeds -o state -- ./fuzz 1>primary.log 2>primary.error </dev/null &Start secondary fuzzers (as many as you have cores):
./afl++ docker afl-fuzz -S secondary01 -i seeds -o state -- ./fuzz 1>secondary01.log 2>secondary01.error </dev/null &
./afl++ docker afl-fuzz -S secondary02 -i seeds -o state -- ./fuzz 1>secondary02.log 2>secondary02.error </dev/null &The </dev/null is required, not decorative. docker run -i keeps the client
reading its own stdin, and a backgrounded process that reads the terminal is sent
SIGTTIN, whose default action stops it — so without the redirect these jobs show
up as Stopped in jobs and never fuzz.
Monitoring Multi-Core Campaigns
List all running jobs:
jobsView live statistics. watch needs a terminal that docker run -i does not give it, so wrap the whole invocation instead of running watch inside the container. Every tick starts a container, which is why the interval is 5 seconds rather than 1:
watch -n5 --color ./afl++ docker afl-whatsup state/Stopping All Fuzzers
kill $(jobs -p)Coverage Analysis
AFL++ automatically tracks coverage through edge instrumentation. Coverage information is stored in fuzzer_stats and plot_data.
Measuring Coverage
Use afl-plot to visualize coverage over time:
./afl++ docker afl-plot out/default out_graph/Improving Coverage
Use dictionaries for format-aware fuzzing
Run longer campaigns (cycles_wo_finds indicates plateau)
Try different mutation strategies with multi-core fuzzing
Analyze coverage gaps and add targeted seed inputs
See Also: For detailed coverage analysis techniques, identifying coverage gaps, and systematic coverage improvement, see the coverage-analysis technique skill.
CMPLOG
CMPLOG/RedQueen is the best path constraint solving mechanism available in any fuzzer. To enable it, the fuzz target needs to be instrumented for it. Before building the fuzzing target set the environment variable:
./afl++ docker AFL_LLVM_CMPLOG=1 makeNo special action is needed for compiling and linking the harness.
To run a fuzzer instance with a CMPLOG instrumented fuzzing target, add -c0 to the command like arguments:
./afl++ docker afl-fuzz -c0 -S cmplog -i seeds -o state -- ./fuzz 1>cmplog.log 2>cmplog.error </dev/null &Sanitizer Integration
Sanitizers are essential for finding memory corruption bugs that don't cause immediate crashes.
AddressSanitizer (ASan)
./afl++ docker AFL_USE_ASAN=1 afl-clang-fast++ -DNO_MAIN=1 -O2 -fsanitize=fuzzer harness.cc main.cc -o fuzzNote: Memory limit (-m) is not supported with ASan due to 20TB virtual memory reservation.
UndefinedBehaviorSanitizer (UBSan)
./afl++ docker AFL_USE_UBSAN=1 afl-clang-fast++ -DNO_MAIN=1 -O2 -fsanitize=fuzzer,undefined harness.cc main.cc -o fuzzCommon Sanitizer Issues
| Issue | Solution |
|---|---|
| ASan slows fuzzing | Use only 1 ASan job in multi-core setup |
| Stack exhaustion | Increase stack with ASAN_OPTIONS=stack_size=... |
| GCC version mismatch | Ensure system GCC matches AFL++ plugin version |
See Also: For comprehensive sanitizer configuration and troubleshooting, see the address-sanitizer technique skill.
Advanced Usage
Tips and Tricks
| Tip | Why It Helps |
|---|---|
| Use LLVMFuzzerTestOneInput harnesses where possible | If a fuzzing campaign has at least 85% stability then this is the most efficient fuzzing style. If not then try standard input or file input fuzzing |
| Use dictionaries | Helps fuzzer discover format-specific keywords and magic bytes |
| Set realistic timeouts | Prevents false positives from system load |
| Limit input size | Larger inputs don't necessarily explore more space |
| Monitor stability | Low stability indicates non-deterministic behavior |
Standard Input Fuzzing
AFL++ can fuzz programs reading from stdin without a libFuzzer harness:
./afl++ docker afl-clang-fast++ -O2 main_stdin.c -o fuzz_stdin
./afl++ docker afl-fuzz -i seeds -o out -- ./fuzz_stdinThis is slower than persistent mode but requires no harness code.
File Input Fuzzing
For programs that read files, use @@ placeholder:
./afl++ docker afl-clang-fast++ -O2 main_file.c -o fuzz_file
./afl++ docker afl-fuzz -i seeds -o out -- ./fuzz_file @@For better performance, use fmemopen to create file descriptors from memory.
Argument Fuzzing
Fuzz command-line arguments using argv-fuzz-inl.h:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#ifdef __AFL_COMPILER
#include "argv-fuzz-inl.h"
#endif
void check_buf(char *buf, size_t buf_len) {
if(buf_len > 0 && buf[0] == 'a') {
if(buf_len > 1 && buf[1] == 'b') {
if(buf_len > 2 && buf[2] == 'c') {
abort();
}
}
}
}
int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
#ifdef __AFL_COMPILER
AFL_INIT_ARGV();
#endif
if (argc < 2) {
fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s <input_string>\n", argv[0]);
return 1;
}
char *input_buf = argv[1];
size_t len = strlen(input_buf);
check_buf(input_buf, len);
return 0;
}Download the header:
curl -O https://raw.githubusercontent.com/AFLplusplus/AFLplusplus/stable/utils/argv_fuzzing/argv-fuzz-inl.hCompile and run:
./afl++ docker afl-clang-fast++ -O2 main_arg.c -o fuzz_arg
./afl++ docker afl-fuzz -i seeds -o out -- ./fuzz_argPerformance Tuning
| Setting | Impact |
|---|---|
| CPU core count | Linear scaling with physical cores |
| Persistent mode | 10-20x faster than fork server |
-G input size limit | Smaller = faster, but may miss bugs |
| ASan ratio | 1 ASan job per 4-8 non-ASan jobs |
Troubleshooting
| Problem | Cause | Solution |
|---|---|---|
| Low exec/sec (<1k) | Not using persistent mode | Create a LLVMFuzzerTestOneInput style harness |
| Low stability (<85%) | Non-deterministic code | Fuzz a program via stdin or file inputs, or create such a harness |
| GCC plugin error | GCC version mismatch | Ensure system GCC matches AFL++ build and install gcc-$GCC_VERSION-plugin-dev |
| No crashes found | Need sanitizers | Recompile with AFL_USE_ASAN=1 |
| Memory limit exceeded | ASan uses 20TB virtual | Remove -m flag when using ASan |
| Docker performance loss | Virtualization overhead | Use bare metal or VM for production fuzzing |
Related Skills
Technique Skills
| Skill | Use Case |
|---|---|
| fuzz-harness-writing | Detailed guidance on writing effective harnesses |
| address-sanitizer | Memory error detection during fuzzing |
| undefined-behavior-sanitizer | Detect undefined behavior bugs |
| fuzzing-corpus | Building and managing seed corpora |
| fuzzing-dictionaries | Creating dictionaries for format-aware fuzzing |
Related Fuzzers
| Skill | When to Consider |
|---|---|
| libfuzzer | Quick prototyping, single-threaded fuzzing is sufficient |
| libafl | Need custom mutators or research-grade features |
Resources
Key External Resources
AFL++ GitHub Repository Official repository with comprehensive documentation, examples, and issue tracker.
Fuzzing in Depth Advanced documentation by the AFL++ team covering instrumentation modes, optimization techniques, and advanced use cases.
AFL++ Under The Hood Technical deep-dive into AFL++ internals, mutation strategies, and coverage tracking mechanisms.
AFL++: Combining Incremental Steps of Fuzzing Research Research paper describing AFL++ architecture and performance improvements over original AFL.
Video Resources
Fuzzing cURL - Trail of Bits blog post on using AFL++ argument fuzzing for cURL
Sudo Vulnerability Walkthrough - LiveOverflow series on rediscovering CVE-2021-3156
Rediscovery of libpng bug - LiveOverflow video on finding CVE-2023-4863
Files
- ATTRIBUTION.mdAdded by AutoGineer927 B
- LICENSELicence file added by AutoGineer19.7 KiB
- SKILL.md21.9 KiB
- agents/openai.yaml220 B
- assets/trail-of-bits-mark.svg3.0 KiB
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Requirements and compatibility
Works with: Claude Code, Claude apps, OpenAI Codex, GitHub Copilot, Cursor, Gemini CLI, Kiro, OpenCode, Goose, Amp, Roo Code, JetBrains Junie, Factory Droid, Devin (ex-Windsurf), Mistral Vibe, OpenHands, Letta
“Works with” means the tool reads the open Agent Skills format; a skill written for one tool may use features others lack.
Needs: Needs network access, Needs a command-line tool
Security
What our scanner noticed· Low risk
- Instructions that use the network
A static scan is not a guarantee. Skills are third-party content: review a skill before you let an agent use it.
Attribution and licence
- Published by
- Trail of Bits
- Publisher
- Trail of Bits (Official)
- Source
- trailofbits/skills · plugins/testing-handbook-skills/skills/aflpp · commit e4dd0bb
- Licence
- Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (redistribution allowed)
- LICENSE (added by AutoGineer from LICENSE)
- ATTRIBUTION.md (written by AutoGineer)
- Synced
AutoGineer is not affiliated with or endorsed by Trail of Bits or Trail of Bits.
Download ZIP
The ZIP holds the skill’s files, its licence files and an ATTRIBUTION.md. Download aflpp.zip